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An example of a viral infection causing apoptosis is the formation of Councilman bodies in the livers of patients with viral hepatitis purchase 250mg chloroquine amex symptoms zinc deficiency. It is important to note that abnormalities of genes involved in apoptosis may contribute to the formation of some malignan- cies; for example, activation of bcl-2 is associated with nodular B cell non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Coagu- lative necrosis, characterized by loss of the cell nucleus, acidophilic change 98 Pathology of the cytoplasm, and preservation of the outline of the cell, is seen in sud- den, severe ischemia of many organs. Myocardial infarction resulting from the sud- den occlusion of the coronary artery is a classic example of coagulative necrosis. In contrast, with liquefactive necrosis the dead cells are completely dissolved by hydrolytic enzymes. This type of necrosis can be seen in ischemic necrosis of the brain, but classically it is associated with acute bacterial infections. Fat necrosis, seen with acute pancreatic necrosis, is fat cell death caused by lipases. Fibrinoid necrosis is an abnormality seen sometimes in injured blood vessels where plasma proteins abnormally accumulate within the vessel walls. Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, but the necrotic cells are not totally dissolved and remain as amorphic, coarsely granular, eosinophilic debris. Gangrenous necrosis of extremi- ties is also a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. In dry gangrene the coagulative pattern is predominate, while in wet gangrene the liquefactive pattern is predominate. Primary lysosomes are cytoplasmic vacuoles that contain numerous acid hydrolases produced by the Golgi. These vacuoles combine either with vacuoles con- taining cellular components (autosomes) or with clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles that contain extracellular material (phagosomes). This fusion forms the secondary lysosome (multivesicular body, or phagolysosome) in which the macromolecules are degraded. The products of the normal lysosomal function are usually reutilized by the cell, but if the material is not digestible (e. Examples of hypertrophy include enlarged skeletal muscle in response to repeated exercise or anabolic steroid use and enlarged car- diac muscle in response to volume overload or hypertension.

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Alternatively discount chloroquine 250mg amex symptoms queasy stomach and headache, a bird that was captive produced in another country and imported into the United Identification States could have a closed band and an open import band. Such Each new bird should be permanently identified dur- was the case in this macaw. Implantable transponders provide the least alterable identifica- Open bands are the least desirable but are none the tion with minimal risk to the bird. An alternative to removal of these bands is to fitting closed bands are an indication (not proof) that close them as tightly as possible, thereby reducing a bird was bred in captivity. Metal bands must be nately, the numbers often wear off closed bands and removed from the legs of birds exposed to sub-freez- large birds may collapse them, resulting in leg or foot ing temperatures, as they contribute to frostbite. In addition, bands can catch on loose enclo- importance of individual identification was graphi- sure wires. These disadvantages should not dissuade cally demonstrated in the aftermath of Hurricane the serious aviculturist from closed banding nor Andrew’s assault on South Florida in August 1992. The veterinarian can help the aviculturist establish a record system that is best for a particular facility, assist in developing and implementing effective iden- tification systems and evaluate production records. Records that include all available medical informa- tion should be established at the time the bird enters the aviary. Trends indicate an increasing interest in the estab- lishment of stud books and cooperative breeding pro- grams involving private aviculturists. Infected groups can then be Acclimation screened on an individual basis and treated as Birds should be acclimated to their new surround- needed. Birds may refuse food for several days (small birds) or up to a week (larger Annual prophylactic treatment for chlamydiosis is species), especially if the bird was a previous pet. Gavage feeding should outdoors and exposed to free-ranging birds, espe- be used only if the weight loss is dramatic (15% of cially pigeons. In most cases, the indiscriminate use initial weight) in order to avoid unnecessary stress. Exposing birds in bird that is reluctant to eat can be maintained on the a flock to unnecessary or sub-therapeutic levels of diet to which it is accustomed and slowly changed to antibiotics will create “super” strains of bacteria that the diet used by the aviculturist. If quality of water may cause temporary intestinal up- birds are medicated, treatment should be delayed set.

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The majority of the programs indexed in Table 1 do not perform the basic set of procedures outlined in section 2 order chloroquine 250mg overnight delivery medications 142. Rather than review the entire list of available programs, it seems more useful to put forward several examples of carefully executed and comprehensively conceived programs which run on a variety of computing devices. For computers capable of handling a moderately large F O R T R A N program, the package of Raab, McKenzie, and Thompson would seem to be the most flexible and powerful program currently available (73,74). Also well suited are the pioneering programs of Rodbard (48), and the program of Peters (75). The F O R T R A N programs of Finney (68) and Healy (53) are well executed but evidently not intended for routine laboratory use. It is attractive and easy to use, but Finney has expressed some mild misgivings about certain statistical aspects of the multi-binding site model it uses to fit the calibration curve (117). These seem relatively minor but still have not been discussed in print by the developers of the program. One advantage of this and the larger F O R T R A N programs is that data entry is relatively easily done by use of punched paper tape output taken directly from the final measurement device of the assay. This program goes well beyond previous calculator programs, which are essentially simply calibration and interpolation programs (54,78), and offers a very comprehensive analysis of results. Nevertheless, this program establishes a new minimum level of acceptable statistical capability for assay programs in general. The use of any of these programs may require that additional programming be done at the local level. The language of alphanumeric prompts m ay need to be modified to suit the local workers. Interfacing the assay program with pre-existing laboratory data management programs m a y be necessary. Finney has outlined the characteristics of an ideal assay program (117); the requirements make it clear that writing a complete package is not a trivial task. It is to the benefit of both individual laboratories and the assay community as a whole to concentrate upon the dissemination and continued improvement of several good programs rather than the continued development of many local programs.

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