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The change in pH caused by the biotransformation of the substrate by the enzyme thereby causes a change in permeability of a pH-sensitive polymeric system in response to the specific biomolecule purchase betapace 40 mg fast delivery blood pressure medication lower testosterone. Such systems may be used to modulate the release of drug through a controlled feedback mechanism. Site-specific drug delivery is desirable in therapeutics, in order to improve: • drug safety, as toxic side-effects caused by drug action at non-target sites are minimized; • drug efficacy, as the drug is concentrated at the site of action rather than being dispersed throughout the body; 61 • patient compliance, as increased safety and efficacy should make therapy more acceptable and thus improve compliance. In its simplest form, drug targeting can be achieved by the local administration of the therapeutic compound; this strategy is feasible even with conventional dosage forms. For example, if the site for desired drug action is the skin, the medication may be applied in ointment, lotion, or cream form, directly on the desired site. Direct injection of an anti-inflammatory agent into a joint is another example of site-specific delivery which is achievable without having recourse to a highly specialized drug delivery and targeting system. Sophisticated drug targeting technology is also available, particularly for oral and parenteral delivery. However, technology is not yet advanced sufficiently for the design of “magic bullet” drug delivery systems, proposed by Paul Ehrlich at the turn of the 20th century (see Section 1. For oral delivery, systems are available to achieve site-specific delivery within the gastrointestinal tract; for example, targeting the drug to the small intestine, colon, or gut lymphatics. Drug delivery systems available for targeted oral delivery include those that use enteric coatings, prodrugs, osmotic pumps, colloidal carriers and hydrogels; these technologies are discussed in Chapter 6. Technologies for targeted drug delivery are most advanced for parenteral administration. Such technologies are concerned with delivering drugs to specific targets in the body and also to protect drugs from degradation and premature elimination. They include the use of: • soluble carriers, such as monoclonal antibodies, dextrans, soluble synthetic polymers; • particulate carriers, such as liposomes, micro- and nano-particles, microspheres; • target-specific recognition moieties, such as monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrates and lectins. These technologies, and the various anatomical, physiological and pathological issues that pertain to their use, are discussed in detail in Chapter 5. Recent advances in biological and chemical sciences have led to the development of various “Smart” technologies to ensure more effective drug delivery and targeting of drugs to specific sites within the body.
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